An abstract is your entire work in a nutshell. The rational behind an abstract is to put everything consicely. So if you are writing a paper, the optimal length of your abstract would be about one paragraph. In the case of a dissertation this could expand to one page but not more.
There are several topics that need to be covered in an abstract:
1. purpose of the study
2. methods
3. findings/results
(4. implications)
This last part is not mandated to be covered.
The tense used when writing an abstract for a proposal is future, and for a paper it is past.
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نویسنده: پارسا رفیعی